In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour, sugars, baking soda, and salt. Set this mixture aside.
In a medium saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat. Once melted, add the water and cocoa powder. Stir until the mixture is smooth and begins to simmer. Remove the saucepan from the heat and let it cool slightly.
Pour the chocolate mixture into the bowl with the dry ingredients, stirring gently to combine. In a small bowl, whisk together the buttermilk, eggs, and vanilla extract, then add this mixture to the batter. Stir until everything is well-combined and smooth.
Pour the batter onto the Oreo crust. Bake for about 25 to 30 minutes (mine took 25 mins) or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out with a few moist crumbs on it. The cake should be soft and moist, but not jiggly.
Allow to cool completely before adding cheesecake filling and buttercream.